Overrepresentation Of Ethnic Minorities Essay

Overrepresentation Of Ethnic Minorities Essay The overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in the Criminal Justice System looks like this: in 79.6 of arrests in 2009-10 those who were involved classified their ethnicity as white (Race and the CJS, 2010). In 2010 the rates for indictable offences were higher for white persons at 81% than for ethnic minorities, 74% for black and 77% for Asians (Race and the CJS, 2010). However, statistics show that ethnic minorities are overrepresented at all stages of the Criminal Justice System. In 2009 Black people made up 2.7% of the population aged 10 and above but represented 8.0% of those arrested in England and wales, while Asians made up of 5.6% of the population aged 10 and above and represented 5.6% of those arrested in England and wales (Race and the CJS, 2010). As ethnic minorities they are more likely to be stopped and searched by police, this leads to a greater probability of arrests and in turn may influence the way their cases are dealt with as they progress through the subsequent stages of the criminal justice process. They are less likely to be given unconditional bail, and more likely to be remanded in custody than white offenders. In 2010 a higher percentage of ethnic minorities (Black 27%, Asian 29%, other 42%) were sentenced to immediate custody for indictable offences than whites (23%) (Race and the CJS, 2010). Ethnic minorities are also more likely to receive punitive sentences than white people and are overrepresented in aspects of certain crimes such as robbery, drug offences and -in some areas- firearms offences. Ethnic minorities are also more likely to be the victims of crimes. It was seen in the British crime survey 2010-11 that the risk of being a victim of crime was higher for all ethnic minorities than white groups (Race and the CJS, 2010). Over a period of 5 years the risk of being a victim of crime from the white group had significantly fallen by 8.0% while the decrease in the risk of being a victim of crime from ethnic groups was not stati stically significant. It is apparent that there are also variations in the overrepresentation of different groups within the ethnic minority category and also between gender, patterns and levels of offending also vary significantly (Race and the CJS, 2010). To narrow this down this research, the essay will focus mainly on the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, even though it is recognised that those of Asian background are only slightly overrepresented in the prison population in comparison to those of black background. It does not mean there is no need to inquire on whether they too suffer discrimination in the Criminal Justice System or not (Gabbidon, 2010). According to the Race Relations Act 1976, segregating against a person based on racial grounds means treating them less favourably than they should be treated; it is therefore illegal to discriminate through delivery of goods, facilities or services to the public based on racial grounds (John, 1987). This, however, does not apply to officials representing the Crown as they are exercising powers to exclude or punish. Judges are therefore immune when acting in judicial capacity; this means the act does not apply to the se ntencing of offenders in the courts (Gabbidon, 2010). There have been disputes to have this taken out of legislation for it is argued that those in law enforcement who have the power to strip an individual of their freedom and liberty should act in respect of racial origins of the defendant (Michael, 1989). This helps to ensure justice as well as confidence of ethnic minorities in the legal system. Ethnic minorities are also seen to be discriminated against by courts; they are much more severely dealt with when it comes to sentences received in courts, more likely to be sent to prison than whites who have committed the same offence (Hood, 1992). To be able to find out whether sentencing is affected by race and if discrimination does exist it would have to be evident that when all relevant legal variables are taken into account, a higher number of ethnic minorities are given a custodial sentence and/or a longer sentence (Marian, 1991). A strategy to address this overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in sentencing is needed to bring together departments and find ways to reduce it. The aim of this research essay is to look at literature and establish whether patterns of sentencing among ethnic minorities differ in a significant way from patterns of sentencing among whites. It will also look at the nature and extent of the variation in sentencing -if any at all- what might cause the variation and any available solution strategies. The research question that will be investigated will then be: Does racial discrimination exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System? It seems almost unjust to answer such a research question without assessing public opinion on the sentencing process and its relation to race as it can be assumed that their opinions are important even though not directly (Hough, 1998). The significance of public opinion can be seen for example in the observation that was made by the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Bingham. He observed that it would not seem right for a judge to ignore any public opinion when in court. Similarly the late and former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher noted the importance of the incorporation of public opinions in the sentencing debate (Hough, 1998). To explore the public opinions on the role of race in the sentencing processes of the Criminal Justice System a questionnaire was distributed to a small sample. The questionnaire helped to explore such a potentially sensitive topic about race and sentencing, especially because the questionnaires were anonymous and completed in private. Key points were identified th at were used in the construction of the questions (see appendix 1 for questionnaire guide) these included available sentencing options for ethnic minorities, imprisonment for different types of offences, sentence leniency and sentencing length. This would shine light on the public opinions and whether or not pressure from these opinions affects the decision making in the sentencing process of the Criminal Justice System and how this decision is influenced by the race of the defendant. LITERATURE REVIEW Since the growth of ethnic minorities in Britain with its peak in the 1990s the interest in their progress has increased. The largest share of ethnic minorities was those who classified themselves as black or Indian (Gabbidon, 2010). The growth of ethnic minorities was not widely accepted and the resistance towards them was shown through racism and violence. Not only were ethnic minorities the victims of these attacks but they were also first to be arrested and sentenced for the same attacks (Gabbidon, 2010). The overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime and justice can be seen in early history, for example through the work of Frederick McClintocks crimes of violence (1963), which studies violent crimes and finds that the conviction rate of black people increases by 13% in a span of 10 years (McClintock,1963). This helps to inform the research question as it talks about the history of race and discrimination. It is important to investigate the procedure that occurs when an individual is to be sentenced, when researching the effects of race on the differences in sentencing. This is made clear by Bowling and Phillips (2002), when they note that once a suspect has been charged with an offence at the police station, their case file is sent to the crown prosecution service (CPS) in order that they can make the decision about whether to proceed to court with the case or to terminate the case in which case the defendant does not have to attend court or face criminal charges. Shaun L. Gabbidon draws from this further and claims it is from this that the factors that play a role in such a decision can be determined. According to Gabbidon it is hard to determine that race affects or plays a role in this decision as the race of the defendants is not disclosed (Gabbidon 2010). Showing that race might not be central in this decision. However, even though race might not have an influence at this stage, it is clear to others such as Hood (1992), Mhlanga (1997) and Banks (1999) that race does affect prosecution, sentencing and legal representation. The sentencing process is one of the important stages of the Criminal Justice System, not only is an important decision to be made but this is also how justice is seen as being done (Ashworth, 1983). It is, therefore, important to consider the races of the judges themselves, which in England and Wales are predominantly white. This leads to immediate assumptions that ethnic minorities are then automatically at a disadvantage (Mathews, 2009). Research into this issue may show little bias in race and sentencing, but it is argued that if previous offences and the seriousness of the case are considered, ethnic minorities are most likely to get a harsher sentence (Blumstein, 1982). Ethnic minorities are seen to be very similar, for example when it comes to social economic characteristics and this may be seen as affecting and/or influencing the sentencing decision. This can be seen in a study conducted by Imogen Brown and Roy Hullin (1992). They looked at the decision-making process of over 3,000 defendants, from this they discovered that over 50% of the black defendants were unemployed, this being more than double that of white or Asian defendants was seen as influencing the decision (Brown and Hullin, 1992). The inquiry on the role race has on sentencing is enlarged in the study by Roger Hood (1992). Hood wanted to find out the race effect of sentencing and to do so he looked at 2,884 defendants who appeared in different Crown Courts in the West Midlands. The study was set to identify the variation in sentencing for each ethnic group through multivariate analysis on the basis of 15 variables that were selected. Hoods findings were unsurprising in relation to previous research; he found that the racial difference in sentencing was less than what might have been assumed. He found that only 5% of blacks were more likely to be given a custodial sentence than whites and that 80% of the overrepresentation of black offenders who were in prison were there due to the severity of their offences and not their race. He also found that most ethnic minorities opted the crown court and pleaded not guilty, this however, meant that when found guilty they were more likely to get a harsher sentence (Hood, 1992). It is important however, not to take these findings at face value as hoods study faced a lot of issues both methodologically and theoretically. Representation of this research was also a problem due to the sentencing differences between the courts that were investigated (Hood, 1992). For example Birmingham Crown Court, which had the largest percentage of the whole sample, the chance of a black offender to be given a custodial sentence was one in three; while in Dudley Crown Court the chance was one in two. This means if most of the distribution of cases had been from Dudley Crown Court and not Birmingham Crown Court the results would have been more racially biased (Hood, 1992). The methodological issues resulted mainly from the prediction scale used and its accuracy of only 75 per cent and their risk of custody score which could only include relevant factors and in so doing leaving out important factors such as unemployment (Hood, 1992). Hood himself admitted that he did not aim to provide a general or casual explanation but wants to make sure that the reasons for these differences in treatment between ethnic minorities and whites should remain open to speculation (Spalek, 2008). Although the numbers might be small, Hood did manage to show that discrimination in the crown court exists, both direct (for example through bail decisions, the rate of sentencing and sentence imposed) and indirect (for example through the decision to plead not guilty and social inquiry reports) (Spalek, 2008). It is clear that previous research on race and sentencing tends to focus on the role of the courts and the judges and how they make their decisions. Referencing the work of Hood brings the purpose of this research into context. The research explored public opinions on the role that race plays in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System. Those being researched were approached and informed about the topic of the questionnaire and were prompted to participate (volunteer sampling) this potentially included participants with a variation in gender and age who were interested in and had an opinion about the role of race in the sentencing process of the Criminal Justice System. Research into race and sentencing like those referenced above and others alike bring up concerns about some of the questions left unanswered about the topic. Many of the research findings on race and sentencing have issues -for example methodological and theoretical issues and concerns this results in the difficulty to prove that a relationship between race and the sentencing decision exists (Spalek, 2008). This research will try to contribute to the closure of this gap, by focusing on the attitudes and opinions of the public about their views on the topic. To have a better and deeper understanding of the research findings, the research will be drawing on some theoretical concepts. If discrimination against ethnic minorities does exist, in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, this could be due to prejudices that are difficult to remove (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). A prejudice is seen as an attitude that serves cognitive and emotional functions. Experience and knowledge is one of these functions, it is important for an individual to feel they know what they are doing and understand the world in which they do it in (Anderson and Taylor, 2007), in this case judges will most likely feel that convicting and sentencing ethnic minorities just because they have been treated so in past cases shows their understanding of the world and how things work. Second is the instrumental function which is associated with rewards and punishments (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). An individual is then most likely to follow the attitudes of their preferred groups just so they could be rewarded in the case of judges for example for promotions and higher pay rolls. This type of discrimination can also be explained through Tajfels social identity theory (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). It talks about the importance of a positive self-image to the individual, and how they feel their social identity is enhanced by categorising people into groups, in and out cast groups. On the other hand, the discrimination against ethnic minorities in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System could be an exaggeration or a myth and this could be explained by the simple fact that ethnic minorities commit more serious crimes that are more likely to get convicted and sentenced compared to white offenders (Spalek, 2008). These factors could all play a part: areas and environment in which they grew up in, social and material deprivation, boundaries up the employment ladder and inadequate socialisation, just to name a few (Mathews, 2009). It is, therefore, evident that it is difficult to draw conclusions that race is the main explanation for the higher and harsher sentence rates of ethnic minorities as there are too many variables affecting the same decision. As race and sentencing are widely researched topics, it is important that their definitions are not assumed. In the questionnaires conducted, race was used in terms of being a system in which categories are created for humans based on their ethnic background (spalek, 2008). Ethnic minority will be used in relation to the different national or cultural traditions that a group has in comparison to the other population (spalek, 2008) in this case being whites, and the ethnic minorities will include blacks and Asians and those who classify themselves as other. Sentencing will include all types of convictions, ranging from custodial/prison sentences to community service. These words were used in this way in the analysis to narrow down and avoid any confusion. This made the topic easier to investigate. METHODS PARTCIPIANTS 15 questionnaires where completed for the purpose of this research; the questionnaires were obtained from individuals whose participation was entirely voluntary and they were not offered any compensation. The participants were approached in Coventry town centre and were asked to complete a questionnaire. Due to the nature of the topic the respondents were given the option to take the questionnaire home and complete it in private. They all varied in gender and age; however, no specifics were noted about their age or gender due to limited time and the low significance of the issue. Volunteer sampling was used, a type of non-probability sampling, through this the volunteers self-selected themselves into the questionnaire (Bryman, 2008). This ensured that those who volunteered to complete the questionnaire had a strong interest in the topic. This sampling method was also beneficial as it reveals important aspects and opinions of the population being sampled. Although this sampling method has questionable issues, especially with representation (Bryman, 2008), this was not much of a problem to the research as it was mainly for exploratory purposes. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES The method used closed-ended questionnaires. This was seen as the better choice at the time of research as these questionnaires would help to get responses from large quantities at a time with no interviewer effects (Seale, 2004). The research question does racial discrimination exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System? Meant that topics to be addressed in the questionnaires would be sensitive and/or embarrassing to some, it was, therefore, easier to be addressed through an anonymous questionnaire (Babbie, 2010). In using questionnaires interviewer variability was avoided and the questionnaires also proved to be more convenient for respondents. The questions were constructed from guided topics (Blaxter, 2010). What was being explored was clear and this resulted in a better understanding of the questions and the questionnaires were then completed at a faster rate (see appendix 2 for questionnaire). After volunteers had shown interest on approach, they were brief ed on the purpose of the research, each volunteer was then informed that they could stop doing the questionnaire at any time and that the questionnaire would remain anonymous and they were reassured that their data would not be used against them, that their information would not be handed to third parties and would only be seen by an examiner. Some of the volunteers completed their questionnaires on the spot and some took them away and posted their responses. A one-week time frame was left for the questionnaires that were taken away; at the end of that week 15 questionnaires were gathered in total. Univariate analysis was used to analyse the questionnaires, this was used because it allowed the analysis of one variable at a time, frequency tables were then used to showcase the data and they were used in relation to all of the different types of variables by providing the number of people and the percentage belonging to each category for the variable being analysed (Bryman, 2008). For research such as this it is important to address some ethical considerations in order to collect good data (OLeary, 2004). In light of this the participants were reassured about the confidentiality of their responses. Participation was voluntary, this meant that informed consent was obtained and so participants understood the research and its i ntentions, and they were not being deceived in any way. FINDINGS AND EXPLANATIONS Results from the analysis of the questionnaires indicated that the public are not satisfied with court systems. The first question on the questionnaire asks respondents about their opinion on the type of job that some criminal justice professional do. Only 23 percent of respondents thought that judges were doing a good job; 48 percent thought that they were doing a fair job and 29 percent thought they were doing a poor job (see appendix 3). Judges received the worst evaluation in comparison to police officers, magistrates and prison officers. Police had the highest percentage of doing a good job at 70 per cent (see appendix 4) and magistrates and prison officers were in the middle with 50 per cent each (see appendix 5 and 6). These findings are supported by the theory of prejudices. According to the theory of prejudice, experience and knowledge are its main functions, it is important for an individual to know what they are doing and understand the world in which they do it in (Anders on and Taylor, 2007). By doubting the work that the judiciary does the public also doubts that the judges know what they are doing and whether or not they understand the world in which they work. Prejudice is hard to remove showing the difficulty in combating the negative opinions of the public. The respondents were then asked about their opinions about the leniency of the sentences that ethnic minorities received for certain crimes (robbery, drug offences and crime offences). Just over half thought that the sentences were too lenient (59 per cent) to some extent and just below half of the respondents (41 per cent) thought that the sentences were lenient enough. In comparison to the previous question it was discovered that about 90 per cent of those who thought judges were doing a poor job also thought that the sentences were too lenient (see appendix 7). This shows that the more judges were seen as being out of touch with society, the more they were seen as doing a poor job, therefore, giving lenient sentences to ethnic minorities. It was then important to establish whether or not the respondents knew about the types of sentences that were available. Respondents were asked to list as many sentencing options as they knew. It was evident that prison was the most widely known, this lack of knowledge of alternative sentences could explain why the public root for harsher sentences or imprisonment. There was limited knowledge of non-custodial sentences. Following prison were community service (70 per cent), fine (65 per cent) and probation (58 per cent). The least popular options included compensation (18 per cent), conditional charge (15 per cent) and electronic tagging (20 per cent) (see appendix 8). It is then clear that although the public are aware of some sentencing penalties, not all of them are known as a result not thought of when the public talk about sentencing. This lack of awareness of the different types of sentencing has significant consequences when trying to determine the role of race in the sentenci ng stages of the Criminal Justice System. The respondents were then questioned about 3 types of crime (robbery, drug and firearm offences). Respondents were asked to estimate that out of every 50 ethnic minorities that were convicted of any of these crimes, how many ended up in prison. Robbery had the highest estimates of individuals ending up in prison (45 out every 50), drug offences were not far off with estimates of 43 of every 50 and drug offences falling behind but not far off with estimates of 40 out of every 50 (see appendix 9). These results were inter-linked, those who estimated high numbers robbery did so too for the remaining categories and those who put slightly lower numbers for robbery also did so for the remaining two categories. The estimates about imprisonment also seemed to be related to the leniency of the sentences the offenders received. For example, the respondents who stated that the sentences were too lenient also put down lower estimates of imprisonment. This shows how unawareness about the sentenci ng practice can be a major source of the disappointment that the public experience about the judiciary. This could be explained by the theory of instrumental function which involves individuals following the attitudes of the groups in which they prefer for rewards rather than punishment (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). So the public, though being ignorant and having no idea about sentencing might still have negative opinions due to the simple fact that this is the view of their preferred group. Through this an individuals self-mage and social identity are seen as being more important (Tajfels social identity theory). REFLEXIVE ACCOUNT OF METHODS The purpose of the methods used was to collect information on public opinions about the process of sentencing and how this is affected by race. The questionnaire was used to collect direct information relating to the opinions of the public about the behaviour of certain people; it also looked at the basic opinions of a group of individuals in relation to the issue in question. The questionnaires were also used to collect information which can then be tracked over time to investigate any new changes (Bryman, 2008). Questionnaires were the choice of method mainly due to the sensitivity of the topic; it made it easy for participants to respond freely to the questions even though they might have felt uncomfortable about the topic (Bryman, 2008). This was because there was no interviewer available and the questions could remain anonymous and could also be completed in private if the respondents wished to do so. During the research the researcher was expected to perform certain duties in order to fulfil their role. Some of these included; taking the responsibility of finding out about what was expected of the research, taking the initiative in identifying any issues and problems, undertaking the recommended reading, producing the written work needed, consulting with tutors about any difficulties that are encountered when undertaking the work, generating ideas, setting realistic deadlines and ensure that the research meets with the required regulations (Babbie, 2010). To ensure credibility of this research, standardised instruments were used because they can be assessed in a direct way. These included objectivity and reliability which are positivist and quantitative constructs (Seale, 2004). Credibility is then achieved through objectivity because with the use of questionnaires the beliefs and values of the researcher could not have affected the results, meaning the findings could not depend on who did the research (Seale, 2004). It is important for researchers to maintain their distance from what they study. Credibility was also achieved through reliability because the questionnaire was close ended and standardised, this means the questionnaire can easily be repeated by different researchers and the chances of measurements being consistent are high. The need for credible research had an effect on the way the research was conducted because to ensure credibility certain guidelines needed to be followed and deviation from these was not permitted. As well as advantages, the method used had limitations and this may have affected the validity of the findings. For example the response rate was low (raising generalizability and representative issues), there was little to no control of who volunteered and completed the questionnaire (can lead to bias). The topic being researched is a complex one, the questionnaire failed to touch upon these complexities of the topic. The responses to the questions were limited and this meant that rich, in-depth and detailed information could not be gathered (Seale, 2004). To avoid these issues in future triangulation can be used, therefore the strengths of one method could make up for the short comings of the other and vice-versa. CONCLUSIONS It is clear that the role of race in certain stages of the Criminal Justice System such as sentencing is very important. From early history its evident that race plays some sort of role in the sentencing of ethnic minorities. The main focus has been on how the race of an individual can increase or decrease their sentence. Through the literature reviewed it is clear that race does influence the role of the sentencing decision making in the Criminal Justice System though not as large as anticipated. It shows that there are far too many variables to accurately study this process and come out with valid and representative results, either way some important variables are left out or irrelevant ones included. The research question: Does racial discrimination exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, is, therefore, answered, however, not with much significance. To take the research question further questionnaires were conducted to assess public opinion on the role of race in the sentencing possesses of the Criminal Justice System. The questionnaires were conducted on a voluntary basis and respondents self-selected themselves to participate. One of the main key findings was the publics dissatisfaction with the court system, it was also significant that those who stressed the poor quality of the execution of work with Criminal Justice professionals also stressed that sentences were too lenient and they were not severe enough, also high estimates of ethnic minority imprisonment were made in relation to specific crimes. Through this, it was concluded after the analysis of 15 questionnaires that most of the respondents had little or no knowledge of alternative types of sentencing and that this had major consequences when it came to the accuracy of their opinions about the role of race on sentencing decisions. The research question was then furth er informed, from the analysis of public opinions it can be argued that racial discrimination does exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, but to some extent. However, the sample was too small to draw any significant conclusions from the findings due to the issues associated with methodology and theory. If the opportunity was to arise, this study would be taken a step further; it would be expanded to include a larger and more representative sample. More respondents would give the opportunity to include a more generalizable sample and therefore result in more reliable and valid results about how race influences the sentencing decisions in the Criminal Justice System.

Peer Tutoring Final Reflection Essay

My goals in joining peer tutoring were to have an easy term project assignment and spending one hour each week for studying with my friends in an enjoyable atmosphere, but after a couple of sessions, I discovered that peer tutoring was more than that. With peer tutoring, my motivation for studying has increased a significant amount as well as my grades. The program didn’t only provide me academic success, but it also thought me the best studying skills that I will use for a lifetime. Throughout the program, I experienced both being a tutor and a tutee. Both of them have benefited me in different ways. The day I started my first session, I was not aware of the fact that choosing peer tutoring was one of the best decisions I have made in my academic life. During the after school sessions that I have attended, I worked on English, Mathematics, Biology and Physics. When I was a tutor, answering the challenging questions of my peers and going over the subject over and over again made me comprehend the topic better. While explaining them the subject in different ways, I was also reviewing and studying it. For instance, when a friend of mine asked me the similarities and differences of competitive and incompetitive inhibition, I was able to visualize the types of inhibition in a better way. Looking at the other side of the coin, when I was a tutee, I had the chance to observe my friends’ studying methods. For example, while studying with Beste, I learned that making diagrams and lists are very helpful for science branches. Furthermore, it is easier to ask the things that you don’t understand to your friends. You can ask the same thing over and over again without feeling embarrassed. Besides, I’m an auditory learner. When I worked on a subject with my peers, either listening or explaining, hearing the words made it easier for me to learn. To be honest, I have never studied regularly before. Staying after school for peer tutoring at least once a week forced me to study in a routine. After peer tutoring, I was going home with less work to do and feeling content about the work I have finished. Moreover, I didn’t quite know how to study for the exams. Thanks to peer tutoring, I had chance to observe my friends’ studying methods and apply the most suitable one for me to my own life. For example, I learned to review my notes and rewrite them in shorter phrases on flashcards. They were really easy to review before the exams. In addition, I used to study the night before the exam. Peer tutoring taught me to study days before. For example, I started studying three days before my biology exam. Peer tutoring session was on Friday and the exam was on Monday. Thanks to peer tutoring, I got the best biology grade since the beginning of the year. In other words, peer tutoring increased my grades as well as teaching me studying skills that I can use for my whole life. I studied with my friends which was much easier than studying alone. Just like Henry Ford said, â€Å"Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is progress, working together is success. † I thank peer tutoring for bringing me and my friends together, keeping us together and making us work together. And eventually, for making us succeed.

The Emancipation Proclamation and the Immediate Impact on Slavery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1716 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Emancipation Proclamation Essay Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, is well known as one of the Great Emancipator in United States history and The Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most highly criticized and analyzed documents of his Presidency. On the surface the proclamation granted the freedom of every slave in the Confederate States of America, ending its longstanding peculiar institution of slavery. In fact President Lincolns proclamation had more to do with garnering the continued support of the Republican congress and swiftly ending the Civil war than actually freeing the slaves. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Emancipation Proclamation and the Immediate Impact on Slavery" essay for you Create order Additionally, President Lincoln was not legally capable of freeing any enslaved person of the Southern states without Southern contrition to the directive. It is important to focus on the events that led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, the immediate effects, and the legal enforceability. Tensions between Northern and Southern states were already high as Abraham Lincoln was sworn into office in March of 1862; addressing the slave-owning states directly Lincoln told them he would not interfere with the legal rights of the states. Lincoln, however, was very much against the spread of slavery into the newly forming states of the Union. By this time, seven slave holding states had seceded from the Union forming the Confederate States of America. Lincolns inaugural address was a plea for the secessionists to come back to the Union before all-out war began and to settle their issues in Congress with Constitutional laws. The Civil War begins with the Confederate attack on Union forces at Fort Sumner, South Carolina in April 1861. Almost immediately, Union commanders on the frontlines begin issuing their own proclamations that any local slave is property that can be confiscated from a rebellious faction under the laws of war. When Union Generals John C. Fremont and David Hunt er proclaimed the slaves of Missouri and the Department of the South to be free; their orders were revoked by President Lincoln as being outside of the commanders legal authority of the First Confiscation Act as to confiscation of property, and the liberation of slaves, is purely political, and not within the range of military law or necessity. Immediately, the President began to receive pressure from the Republican Party and the slave holding border states of the Union. The radical members of the Republican party wanted an immediate end to slavery. Meanwhile, the neutral states were holding to the guarantee of states rights under the Constitution. It was not a secret that President Lincoln was against slavery, however, he was against the use of federal force to remove the institution of slavery from the United States. He was very mindful to the fact that Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware were neutral in the war. These states held ground along the major arteries of the country and driving them to the Confederacy would hand over those access routes to the South. He attempted to keep them from joining the Confederacy by not acting too rapidly on the Republican Party demands for abolition. Lincoln preferred to allow for the gradual abolishment of slavery by the states on their own terms. In Delaware he attempted to convince the state government to abolish slavery with federal compensation, his proposed bill did not pass the Delaware government. The border states began to see the writing on the wall that slavery was about to be the central focus of the Civil War. In Congress, the more radical members of the Republican Party began to show President Lincoln that they had the power to end funding and supplying the Northern war effort. On September 17, 1862, the battle of Antietam provided the exact circumstance for Lincoln to issue the proclamation. The President believed the Northern victory there along with the Proclamation would be the steam the North needed to turn the war in the Norths favor. On September 22, 1862 President Lincoln issued the Preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, the immediate response was overwhelming support by the Republican Party. This version of the proclamation was little more than an act of appeasement and not an immediate announcement to abolish slavery. By doing so, President Lincoln ensured the continued support by Congress for the war effort while giving the South an opportunity to cease hostilities against the Union and settle their issues in Congress. Lincolns deadline for the South to act was January 1, 1863. However, the Preliminary Proclamation had the opposite effect he had hoped for as it cemented the Confederacys resolve to continue the war and protect its way of life. As the word of the Proclamation made its way the plantations, slave holders feared a slave revolt was in the works. Some states took drastic measures to end any slave revolution before it began: Seventeen Negroes, most of them free, have been arrested on suspicion of being engaged in plotting an uprising of the entire Negro population. Copies of newspapers that printed President Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation were found in their possession. All the Negroes know that such a proclamation has been made, and this terrorizes the whites. The seventeen Negroes have been taken to Amesville and lynched. As more slaves came to the Union lines in search of refuge, Union Commanders were forced to determine if they could in fact provide the refuge offered to them under the Proclamation and the Confiscation Acts. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, issuing the order to his field commanders that any slaves within the Union controlled areas of the South were freed. As slaves continued to seek their freedom; fighting aged males were drafted into service of the Army or Navy, immediately re-enforcing the Union Army. The women, children, and elderly were lodged in camps trailing the Union Army and lived in very poor, if not worse conditions than they had left. At the same time that Lincoln was proclaiming all slaves of the South to be henceforth and forever free . He maintained the laws of the borders states right to own slaves thus securing their loyalty to the Union. In fact, some areas deep in the heart of Confederate owned territory were allowed to m aintain their right to own slaves. As soon as the Proclamation is made public, slavery became the central focus of the war. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to give frontline commanders the legal authority to take in slaves that were either freeing themselves or being seized as property by the Union Army. The added effect was the destabilization of the Southern economy and demonization of the act of slavery in the Confederate controlled states Years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, Lincolns critics began to dissect the proclamation and examine it from a legal point of view. The Emancipation Proclamation has been called by some a political necessity with the effectiveness of a Bill of Lading. While others recognized the Proclamation for what it was: an order issued by the Commander in Chief of the Union Army under the International Law of War. Following the War of 1812, the issue of slaves freed by the British was arbitrated by the Czar of Russia. This arbitration of the Treaty of Ghent established that slaves freed under the International Law of War were to be returned to their former owners or the former owners were to be adequately compensated. So, in enacting the proclamation under the International Law of War, President Lincoln provided a temporary solution to the peculiar institution of slavery. At the end of the Civil War all of the slaves freed, enlisted in the military service to the Union, or reloca ted to the North would have to be returned to their former servitude. However, during the Civil War, the Republican Party controlled the Federal government and the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by December of 1864. Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the former Southern states were required to ratify and swear allegiance to the U.S. Constitution and the Thirteenth Amendment. Lincoln required that as little as ten percent of the states population agree to the amendment in order to bring a swifter resolution to the Civil War. Lincolns decision to require such a small percentage of the population to accept the amendment was met with harsh criticism by his fellow Republicans. The Republican controlled Congress demanded a majority vote by the states that would ensure an undeniable acknowledgement of the new amendment. However, Lincoln held to his original requirements restoration of the Union and the abandonment of slavery, and the Union was restored. The Emancipation Proclamation was indeed an important moment in the history of the United States, it acknowledged a terrible wrong that was done to the African slaves and established another measure of control over the Confederate States of America. Lincoln was legally allowed to issue the proclamation under previously established precedence set throughout the previous wars of the United States. However, without the addition of the Thirteenth Amendment the proclamation would have had no lasting legal effect beyond the end of the Civil War. The proclamation was a necessary political move in order to bring about a quicker end to the Civil War. Bibliography CARNAHAN, BURRUS M., Act of Justice: Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War, University Press of Kentucky, 2007/09/21. APSU Library Online CURRIE, DAVID P., The Civil War Congress, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 4 (Autumn, 2006), pp. 1131- 1226. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4495583?seq= 1cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents DUEHOLM, JAMES A. A Bill of Lading Delivers the Goods: The Constitutionality and Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 31, no. 1 (2010): 22-38. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/25701807. HOLZER, HAROLD, EDNA GREENE MEDFORD, and FRANK J. WILLIAMS. 2006. The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views. Conflicting Worlds. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. https://ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=nlebkAN=588416site=ehost-livescope=site. KRUG, MARK M. The Republican Party and the Emancipation Proclamation. The Journal of Negro History 48, no. 2 (1963): 98-114. doi:10.2307/2716087. MANNING, CHANDRA. The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes Toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 34, no. 1 (2013): 18-39. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/23622072. WELLING, JAMES C. The Emancipation Proclamation. The North American Review 130, no. 279 (1880): 163-85. https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.apsu.edu/stable/25100834.

Hyperbole Definition and Examples

A hyperbole is a  figure of speech  in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; its an extravagant statement. In adjective form, the term is  hyperbolic. The concept is also called  overstatement. Key Takeaways: Hyperbole When you exaggerate something, youre using hyperbole.Hyperbole is everywhere, from a conversation about a good meal you ate, to comedy acts, to literature.A simile or metaphor might compare things, but they dont have to be exaggerations. In the first century, Roman rhetorician Quintilian observed, all people are by nature inclined to magnify or to minimize things and nobody is content to stick to what is really the case (translated by Claudia Claridge in Hyperbole in English, 2011). Examples of Hyperbole Hyperbole, or over-exaggeration, is rife in common, everyday informal speech, from saying things like your book bag weighs a ton, that you were so mad you could have killed someone, or that you could have eaten an entire vat of that delicious dessert. Mark Twain was a master at it. From  Old Times on the Mississippi, he describes, I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do. I was quaking from head to foot and could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far. Humor writer Dave Barry certainly uses it with flair: My wife believes that men tend to have insanely high physical standards regarding the kind of woman theyre willing to settle for. She notes that a middle-aged man can have tarantula-grade nose hair, b.o. that can cause migrating geese to change course, and enough spare tissue to form a whole new middle-aged man, but this man can still believe he is physically qualified to date Scarlett Johansson. (Ill Mature When Im Dead. Berkley, 2010) Its everywhere in comedy, from stand-up routines to sitcoms, used to tickle the audiences funny bone by putting a surprising image into peoples imagination. Take the genre of Your mama jokes, such as, Your mamas hair is so short she could stand on her head and her hair wouldnt touch the ground or Your father is so low he has to look up to tie his shoes, quoted in author  Onwuchekwa Jemies book Yo Mama! New Raps, Toasts, Dozens, Jokes, and Childrens Rhymes From Urban Black America (Temple Univ. Press, 2003). Hyperbole is all over the place in advertising. Just think of a negative attack ad in a political campaign that sounds as if the world will cease to exist should so-and-so take office. Hyperbole in ads can be visual, like in images of former wide receiver Isaiah Mustafa for Old Spice or cheeky commercial clips for Snickers. No, wearing Old Spice deodorant will not make you as manly as an NFL or Olympic athlete, and being hungry does not transform Boogie into Elton John, unable to rap (cured by eating a Snickers bar). Viewers know these claims are exaggerations, but theyre effective in making for memorable advertising. Hyperbole: How to Use It Well You wouldnt use hyperbole in formal writing, such as a business memo, a letter to a business, a scientific report, an essay, or an article for publication. It could have its place in fiction or other types of creative writing when used for effect. A little goes a long way when making use of tools like hyperbole. Also, limiting its use makes each hyperbolic description in the piece more effective.   The trick to effective  hyperbole  is to give an original twist to obviously a fanciful overstatement,  author William Saffire advises. Id walk a million miles for one of your smiles would no longer impress Mammy, but Raymond Chandlers She was blonde enough to make a bishop kick a hole through a stained-glass window still has that crisp crunch of freshness.  (How Not to Write: The Essential Misrules of Grammar. W.W. Norton, 1990.) When composing hyperbolic statements, stay away from cliches, as those are just tired and overused—the opposite of fresh language. The description you create needs to bring forth surprise or delight in your audience at the image portrayed by the comparison or description. Dont be afraid to revise a sentence or passage numerous times before you hit on the hyperbolic statement or description youre going to use in the final version. Humor writing is complex, and it takes time to put just the right words together for the maximum effect.   Hyperboles vs. Other Types of Figurative Language Hyperboles are exaggerations of reality, over-the-top depictions that arent meant to be taken literally. Metaphors and similes are also descriptions using figurative language, but theyre not necessarily exaggerations. Simile: The lake is like glass.Metaphor: The lake is pure peace.Hyperbole: The lake was so still and clear that you could see through it down to the center of the Earth.

United States Fight for Freedom - 703 Words

The right of American freedom is most treasured because of past historical events which were highly significant leading up to America’s independence. The Boston Tea Party is considered to be one of the most significant events which led to the Revolutionary War. Some say if the Boston Tea Party had not happened, the Americans may not have made noteworthy historical data. Initially, the event of the Boston Tea Party only seemed inconsequential and rather rebellious, but it was actually the Americans first step towards having their own freedom. It all started with a group of determined colonist not wanting to pay taxes on goods and took action on three British tea ships. This act of defiance, and several key players, inadvertently lead to arguably the most significant act of America’s fight for freedom. During the 1760’s the British Parliament passed a series of acts designed to reduce the British national debt and to finance the costs of keeping regular soldiers o n the American frontier. The most notorious of these was the Stamp Act of 1765, which placed a tax on almost every public piece of paper in the colonies, including: newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, licenses, packs of cards, almanacs, and dice.1 Initially, because the French and Indian War had lasted so long and was the most costly, the Parliament figured taxing the Americans would help decrease their debt. Little did they know that this would only anger the Americans, and ultimately lead to the revolution. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement and World War II1075 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to president Franklin D. Roosevelt the future world shout be a world that people have essential human freedoms also known as the four freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. 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While explaining this, Sc ott mostly focuses on the race and politics. The two places that Scott focuses on is the state of Louisiana in the United States, and the country of Cuba. Scott explains how Louisiana slaves are in a situation where they are trying to fight for freedom against the white Americans in order to gainRead MoreThe Thin Line Between Love And Hate Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageswars with more in the future. For every war requires soldiers to fight for what they believe in. In most cases the soldiers are on a mission to fight the enemy for their country. Fighting is common between individuals because conflict is inevitable. It can try to be avoided, but as a nation, we can never eliminate it.The way to manage conflict and reduce the damage is less hate and more love. The overall goal of the soldiers is to fight for the interest of the country which is not peace but power. The

Media and Foreign Policy Free Essays

POLITICAL SCIENCES| MEDIA AND FOREIGN POLICY| SUBMITTED TO | MR. IJAZ BUTT| SUBMITTED BY| AYESHA SADDIQUE (01)| SADIA ABBAS (29) MISHA ZAIDI (12) INSTITUTE OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES PUBJAB UNIVERSITY LAHORE | B. S (HONS. We will write a custom essay sample on Media and Foreign Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) 3RD SEMESTER (MORNING) FOREIGN POLICY AND MEDIA DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY Foreign Policy can be defined as â€Å"Relations between sovereign states. It is a reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country wants to establish relations with another country. † WHY IT IS NECESSORY FOR A COUNTERY? No country today can think of a life independent of other nations. Every country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meet its requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. Foreign policy is necessary for a country to * Promote sovereignty national interest Cope up the problems of environment, Terrorism and many others. * Solve the issues of poverty, underemployment, and Unemployment * Strengthen territorial security integrity of country * Get International resources for countries domestic socio- economic context such as trading. DETERMINANTS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:- Administrative  Troika Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, The Prime Minister rand Chief of Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign policy It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan President Or can make any change in it. However, it is very difficult to deviate from the previous foreign commitments made by Troika. Chief of prime Army staff minister Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs The ministry can play very important role in formulating the foreign policy. It comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of high level. They prepare foreign policy, keeping in view the basic objectives and principles of the policy. They formulate the policy, plans and programs regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its preparation. In accordance with new constitutional amendment, the Troika has been replaced by the National Security  Council. Intelligence  Agencies Pakistan’s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these in formations, Pakistan  formulates its foreign policy. Political  Parties  and  Pressure  Groups Related essay: â€Å"Disadvantages of Foreign Workers in Malaysia† The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the formulation of foreign policy. The political parties include the priorities of foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign  policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view points. Likewise the pressure groups can also influence the foreign policy. Parliament The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to the directions of executive and puts it  before the Parliament for approval. After discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some FOREIGN POLICY AND ROLE OF MEDIA: Recent events in world have intensified speculations about the role of traditional mass media as well as communication technologies in shaping political events and cultures across the world†¦ Media do not necessarily influence policymakers directly, but may work through public opinion by shaping what people know and believe about foreign politics. Public opinion, embodied in predominant political views or in election results, can have considerable influence on policymakers that need approval from the electorate. Influence of media on foreign policy Accelerant to positive action * Political decision-making process in the light of a new or ongoing issue * Speeds the parliamentary process and deployment process of an already mandated issue Impediment to positive action * Where coverage of an incident will degrade public will and support for an ongoing operation or diplomatic initiative * Slows the parliamentary process and deployment process of an already mandated issue * As a threat to operational and national security Agenda Setting Agency Raises an unknown issue to a position where it produces political pressure for action According to the researchers: Mody represents a strongly normative perspective, arguing that an informed citizenry is necessary, although not sufficient, for preventing conflict and humanitarian crises. In her argument, media influence foreign policy by putting issues on the public agenda and by framing them in a way that catches the attention – and sympathy  œ of a large audience, which then demands action from their elected representatives. Philip Seib from the University of Southern California discusses â€Å"new† media, in particular satellite television and the Internet. Seib posits that the media are indeed able to change the status quo of foreign policy by shaping international and domestic public opinion. Seib’s main idea is the â€Å"virtual state:† disperse communities achieve an unprecedented cohesion that puts them on the political map internationally. Satellite media and the Internet foster â€Å"virtual sovereignty† by cultivating a shared identity among disperse members of ethnic or religious communities. This is relevant for foreign policy because virtual states can affect the stability of traditional states and regions. Media can also alleviate tensions and conflict by providing new perspectives to an unprecedentedly large audience. Seib recommends that, if policymakers want to take advantage of the media’s power to create communities, cooperation is a better approach than competition, and international media, such as Voice of America and Deutsche Welle, become relevant tools of foreign politics. PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY: Pakistan  is the second largest  Muslim  country in terms of percentage of population (after  Indonesia), and its status as a  declared nuclear power, being the only Islamic nation to have that status, plays a part in its international role. Pakistan has a fierce independent foreign policy, especially when it comes to issues such as development of nuclear weapons, construction of nuclear reactors, foreign military purchases and other issues that are vital to its national interests. Pakistan has a strategic geo-political location at the corridor of world major maritime oil supply lines, and has close proximity to the resource and oil rich central Asian countries. Pakistan is an important member of the  Organization of Islamic Cooperation  (OIC), a  major non-NATO ally  of the war against terrorism, and has a highly disciplined military, which is the world’s  eighth-largest  standing military force. Basic Goals of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy * Maintenance of territorial integrity. Maintenance of its political independence. * Acceleration of social and economic development. * Strengthening its place on the globe. * Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries. ROLE OF MEDIA IN PAKISTAN FOREIGN POLICY Pakistan has developed a vibrant and free-wheeling media in the last decade . Yet Pakistani journalists continue to face pressure both from the authorities and militant groups when reporting on terrorism and its impact on the count ry and this effect its foreign policy. Senior Journalist, Zahid Husain spoke on ‘Pakistani media and its impact on foreign policy. ’ He was of the view that Pakistani media is much more candid, opaque and vocal regarding foreign policy. One of the major problems of print media, he said, is its division in English and Urdu. English newspapers cover issues related to foreign and security policy while there are hardly any such issues available in Urdu newspapers. This dichotomy is an underlying reason of our conflicts over various issues and inability to reach consensus. What should be the role of Pakistani media * Play role from watch dog to defender * Awake the people in a right way * Provide authentic and sincere information to people * Impartially shape public opinion CONCLUSION: So all of this proves that Pakistan media is just playing the role of watch dog in the formation of Pakistan’s foreign policy. it needs to much more mature. in order to make a perfect policy Pakistan media have to play its real role of awaking the people. Above discussion posit that the media shape foreign policy by shaping public opinion. How to cite Media and Foreign Policy, Essay examples

Social Emotional Wellbeing and Mental Health - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Emotional Wellbeing and Mental Health. Answer: Introduction The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are the ethnic groups of Australia who have great attachment to their land, culture, spirituality and community. However, due to their scarred history troubled by loss of land, forced settlement in other areas and loss of family member, their emotional and social well-being has been seriously affected. Poverty, unemployment, health issues and racial discrimination has become common challenges in their life after leaving their ancestral homes and settling in new areas (Mitrou et al., 2014). Although the term social and emotional well-being is a multidimensional concept that often includes mental health, however the aboriginals prefer the term social and emotional well-being instead of mental health because of its more holistic connotation. The purpose of this report is to further explore the aboriginal perception of social and emotional well-being and mental health and find out why they give more preference to social and emotional well- being. It also gives an insight into the changes found in the Aboriginal Medical Services and its alignment with WHOs primary health care principles. In accordance with the aboriginals preference for social and emotional well-being, the services and performance of one Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service has been discussed too. Difference between aboriginal concept of social and emotional well-being and mental health As defined by WHO, mental health is a condition of social and emotional well-being where people have the capacity to cope with normal life stressors. Hence, mental health is associated with symptoms that arise due to complex interaction of biological, social, economic, environmental and psychosocial factor of an individual (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2017). It implies that social and emotional well-being is necessary to promote mental health in people. However, according to the aboriginal concept, they regard social and emotional well-being as a crucial factor to reduce stress and promote mental health. The aboriginals are closely attached to their land and culture. For them, social and well-being can be promoted by focusing on solving socioeconomic concerns in their life instead of focusing on mental health issues (Le Grande et al., 2017). This is particularly important because several social challenges in their life increase psychological distress for them. Some of the so cial issues that contribute to high stress for them include unresolved trauma, loss and grief, experiences of racism and discrimination, socioeconomic disadvantage and social exclusion (Markwick et al., 2014). Hence, implementing strategies to reduce social issues will play a role in better social and mental health outcome in the group. Great difference has been found in the perception of social and emotional well-being in Aboriginal people and the mental health concepts in the group. The non-indigenous group concept of mental health comes from illness perspective, where the focus is on addressing symptoms of mental illness and improving peoples level of functioning in the environment (UN Chronicle, 2017). This implies an individualistic concept where the focus is on improving the health of the individual alone. However, by reviewing the National Aboriginal Health Strategy, it can be said they have a broader concept of health where much emphasis is given on closeness to land and their culture to promote social and emotional well-being. Hence, according to WHO concept, social well being is a part of mental health, however according to indigenous context, mental health comes under the umbrella of social and emotional well-being. From this perception of indigenous people, it can be said that they have a holistic view o f health and well-being (Calma, Dudgeon, Bray, 2017). From the aboriginal perceptive, focusing on social and emotional well-being is considered effective because they have suffered a lost because of the negative colonial history and ongoing disadvantages such discrimination, grief, unemployment, adversity and health disparities. Hence, addressing social disadvantage in their life will help them to achieve the goal of social and emotional well being. Reducing the poor mental health outcome in indigenous people is a national priority and considering the aboriginal concept of social and emotional well being and mental health, many promising initiatives has been implemented to restore their well-being. The indigenous population is dispersed and social disadvantage acts as major barrier in access to health. High level of unmet need is the reason for high stress and poor quality of life in the group. Health care workers and social agencies are acknowledging the impact of social and cultural determinants on well-being of the group and taking the best world approach to eliminate disadvantage as well as improve mental health outcomes in the group (Calma, Dudgeon, Bray, 2017). Therefore, modifying the social factors that contributes to mental stress will be beneficial in achieving positive health outcome in indigenous people. Evolution of aboriginal medical service and alignment with primary care outlined by WHO: In 1971, first Aboriginal Medical Service was developed and it was the first Aboriginal community controlled health service (ACCHS) specifically for the Aboriginal community. The AMS was developed on a voluntary basis in Redfern, Sydney. Since them many health policies were implemented to help states and other agencies work together for optimal health of aboriginals. In 1973, after the instruction of Commonwealth Government, many states took the responsibility for managing indigenous affairs and implementing appropriate policies for them. An Aboriginal Health Branch was also established which first proposed a Ten Year Plan for Aboriginal Health (NACCHO, 2017).As experience of racial discrimination was found to be a major barrier in delivering quality care to aboriginals, the enactment of the Racial Discrimination Act in 1975 also supported AMS to make health care service available to the group. The utility of the Aboriginal Medical Service Redfern for indigenous people is that it has worked to provide accessible and primary health care to the group for more than 40 years. The primary service provided by AMS followed the WHO principles of primary health care. After the adoption of the Declaration of Alma-Ata, primary health care became the core policy for WHO. The focus was on strengthening the values of the primary health care service because it is first level of care in both middle and low countries (Marles, Frame Royce, 2012). The core principles of primary health care outlined by WHO included universal access to care, coverage on the basis of need, community participation in health agendas, commitment to health equity and social justice and inter-sectoral approaches to health (WHO, 2017).When the AMS Refern was established, the aboriginals relied on emergency department or local general practitioner for health care service. There was no Medicare at the time and the AMS acted as a source to eliminate barrier related to visiting health care service or purchasing medicines (Marles, Frame Royce, 2012). In this way, it served to fulfill the WHO principle of universal access to care. Within one year of the establishment of AMS Redfern, it became very popular and was much in demand. However, this resulted in funding challenges and federal governments arranged for funding to fulfill the demands of the target group. Currently, AMS for aboriginals have evolved and it is now a multidisciplinary health service with wide range of clinic and outreach service. In accordance with the aboriginal preference for addressing social and emotional issues in their life, community controlled model of health was adopted by all AMS and ACCHS in urban and rural Australia (Marles, Frame Royce, 2012). Its action of following the principle of holistic health care are in alignment with the WHO principle of primary health care. This can be said because holistic health care seeks to balance mind, body and spirit for well being of an individual. By such integrative approach, it can promote social justice and health equity in indigenous people. Secondly, holistic approach refers to social, e motional, and cultural well-being of the community by supporting people to achieve their full potential in the community (Hinton et al., 2015). Hence, use of holistic care approach by the AMS was beneficial in addressing all social issues in Aboriginals such as eliminating racial discrimination, poor access to health service and maintaining cultural continuity. To fulfill the health care needs of aboriginal and promote social and emotional well-being of the community, it is essential that health care staffs are prepared to understand the culture and adversities in their life. AMS recognized this important priority to educate health care professionals so that culturally sensitive care could be provided to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Marles, Frame Royce, 2012). The advantage of providing culture awareness training was that increased access to health care, enhanced effectiveness of care and improved health care disparities too. Focus on cultural competency ensured that all primary care service had proper set of values, behaviors and attitudes to work cross-culturally with indigenous patients. Cultural competency contributed to flexibility in service and better participation of aboriginals in health care decisions (Clifford et al., 2015). This action of AMS also displays work in accordance with the WHO primary care principle of health equity. The strategy of cultural respect was a positive step towards health equity because cultural competence helped health care staffs to develop respect for the group and ensure equity in access to care. Achievement of cultural respect was a core strategy and this was done by AMS by action on advocacy, social determinant of health and increasing outreach and home visit (Freeman et al., 2014). Application of social and emotional well-being in an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS): The ACCHS are services committed to addressing the primary health care needs of aboriginals. There are more than 150 ACCHS in Australia and their main goal is to establish primary health care facilities for local aboriginal people. Danila Dilba Health Service is one of the examples of an ACCHS organization located in the Greater Darwin, Australia. The Danila Dilba Health Service is mainly committed to provide culturally appropriate primary health and community service to people living in Greater Darwin (Danila Dilba Health Service, 2017). Social and emotional well-being can be promoted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by the focus on implementing socially and culturally responsive care and eliminating all social and emotional well-being concerns in their life (Couzos Thiele, 2016). The Danila Dilba Health Service has applied social and emotional well-being approach for indigenous group by reducing the sufferings of aboriginal with mental illness. This ACCHS implemente d a Dare to Dream programme which provided support and counseling to indigenous people with mental illness. The effectiveness of the programme was that it made people aware about early signs of behavioral and mental health issues. This empowered the community to take proactive step and prevent risk of mental issues in the group (Weightman, 2013). The focus on providing culturally appropriate care also ensured that young aboriginals received care and education in an appropriate manner. The core aim of any ACCHS is to deliver culturally competent care and meet the special needs of the indigenous people. The Danial Dilba ACCHS focused on promoting the specific need of identify risk behavior and mental health issues at an early phase. It provided exclusive support to counsel people with mental illness or risk of illness. All necessary guidance was provided regarding the seek treatment and counseling support from relevant mental health services and promoting coping skills in the group. By the focus on culturally appropriate care, it has fulfilled special needs and preference of aboriginals while providing care. All ACCHS also have the responsibility in the area of advocacy which provides voice to the aboriginal community so that they can express their concerns. The Danila Dilba Health service also focused on advocacy by providing services that are responsive to the local needs of the group. They have maintained fairness and accountability in their work culture (Danila Dilba Health Service, 2017). Conclusion The report gave a critical insight into the aboriginal perspective on social and emotional well being in comparison to mental health. The Aboriginal preference for social and emotional well being has been found due to prevalent of many social issues in their life such. Racial discrimination has also become a pathway that has resulted in distress, unemployment and ill health in the group. It points to the need for evolution and development of health care service specifically for the aboriginals. Important policy changes and development in aboriginal health care has been found by the discussion on evolution of the AMS and its alignment with principles of primary care. The crucial role of the ACCHS in advocating for the aboriginal community has also been understood by the action of Danila Dilba Health Service. 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